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Flying electron

Task number: 4402

An electron moves in one direction with the velocity of (1000 ± 1) km · s−1. With which highest uncertainty can we theoretically determine its location? In the end, discuss if it is necessary to use relativistic effects.

  • Hint 1

    We know that, using the principle of uncertainty, with the specification of the electron’s motion comes the price of lost accuracy in measuring another quantity. What is the quantity (or quantities) in question?

  • Hint 2

    What is the relative uncertainty in the measurement? How does the relative uncertainty propagate from one variable to another? What if the one variable is the product of two other which carry some uncertainty themselves?

  • Notation

    me = 9.11·10−31 kg Rest mass of the electron
    v = 1000 km·s−1 Electron’s velocity
    Δv = 1 km·s−1 Absolute uncertainty of velocity
    Δx = ? (m) Uncertainty of location
  • Solution

    We need to know the uncertainty Δp to estimate Δx from the principle of uncertainty ΔxΔp2 . As uncertainty of the momentum, we consider the absolute uncertainty of determination of the momentum. Since the ball’s momentum is the product of its mass and velocity p = me·v. If we consider the mass of the electron as a constant the uncertainty of the momentum is given only by uncertainty of the velocity. Therefore we can use the formula η(p) = η(v) to calculate the uncertainty of these variables. We have also the formula between absolute and relative uncertainty Δp = η(pp. With the use of the principle of uncertainty we can calculate Δx ΔxΔp2 and we obtain

    Δx21Δp, Δx21η(p)p, Δx21η(v)mv, Δx21Δvvmv, Δx1.05510342110009.111025 m, Δx5.8108 m˙=60 nm.

    Out of principle we cannot determine the location of the mentioned electron with the accuracy higher than tens of nanometres, which is two orders of magnitude higher than the characteristic dimensions of an atom. From the electron’s perspective, this uncertainty is quite important.

  • Discussion

    Lorentz factor

    11v2c2=11(1300)2=9000089999˙=1.000006.

    If the momentum of our electron is in the order of 10−24 kg·m·s−1 we could see the relativist effects in order of 10−30 kg·m·s−1 so we can neglect it.

  • Answer

    The minimum uncertainty of the electron’s location is approximately 60 nm.

Difficulty level: Level 3 – Advanced upper secondary level
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